BPC-157 and TB-500 are the two most-studied tissue repair peptides in the research community. This page covers what each compound is, what researchers study them for, how their mechanisms differ, and what they cost per milligram.
The name comes from the research community, not from any pharmaceutical or clinical source. Researchers and enthusiasts use "Wolverine Stack" to describe the pairing of BPC-157 and TB-500 because both peptides are studied for tissue repair and wound healing, and their proposed mechanisms are largely complementary.
BPC-157 is a synthetic pentadecapeptide (15 amino acids) derived from a protein found in gastric juice. It does not exist in this form naturally. TB-500 is a synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4, a protein involved in actin regulation and cell motility that is produced naturally in the thymus and many other tissues. Both are research-only compounds with no approved human pharmaceutical applications.
Researchers studying these two compounds together often note that they appear to work through distinct pathways, which is part of the rationale for studying them in combination. The table below summarizes what published research has examined for each.
| Property | BPC-157 | TB-500 |
|---|---|---|
| Primary mechanism | Growth factor modulation (VEGF, EGF), angiogenesis, nitric oxide pathway upregulation | Actin sequestration via thymosin beta-4 fragment, cell migration, anti-inflammatory signaling |
| Key research areas | Gut healing, tendon and ligament repair, neuroprotection, systemic organ protection | Wound closure, cardiac tissue repair, ocular surface healing, musculoskeletal recovery |
| Evidence base | Predominantly rodent models; no peer-reviewed human trials published as of 2025 | Rodent models; Phase 3 trial data for ocular surface disease (thymosin beta-4 eye drops) |
| Route studied | Subcutaneous, oral, intraperitoneal (animal studies) | Subcutaneous injection (most studies); topical (eye drop formulation) |
The evidence base for both compounds is almost entirely preclinical. BPC-157 has been studied extensively in rodent models across a wide range of tissue types, but as of 2025 no peer-reviewed human clinical trials have been published. TB-500 (the synthetic fragment) shares this limitation for most applications, though the full thymosin beta-4 protein has advanced to Phase 3 trial data in the context of dry eye and ocular surface disease.
The "Wolverine Stack" terminology is community-generated and does not appear in peer-reviewed literature. Researchers interested in the combination are typically extrapolating from two separate bodies of preclinical work. Anyone evaluating this combination should read the individual research notes for each compound to understand where the evidence is stronger and where it remains speculative.
Both compounds are sold as lyophilized powder in 5 mg vials by most research vendors. Pricing varies significantly across vendors based on purity certification, batch testing practices, and shipping region. The ranges below reflect typical vendor pricing as of 2025 and should be verified with the price tool.
| Compound | Typical vial size | Price range (per vial) | Price per mg |
|---|---|---|---|
| BPC-157 | 5 mg | $15–$40 | $3–$8 |
| TB-500 | 5 mg | $15–$50 | $3–$10 |